Three basic theories attempt to explain the result of modern humans. They are the multiregional, or "regional continuity," model, the single origin, sometimes called "Noah's Ark," model, and the gene-flow (also hybridization or diffuse emergence) model. Despite numerous variations on these ideas, these three models represent the basic schools of thought. All three research to explain the emergence of "people like you and me, our species, with its widespread varieties of strain and color." The pattern of the evolution of the geographic differences (usually called races) of Homo sapiens complicates the question and receives much of the attention. All three of the main theories assume that "modern characteristics evolved late and that racial characteristics evolved locally," but they do not change course on the or
Lieberman, whom Hayden includes in his dip of those attempting the "dehumanization" of Neanderthals, argues forcefully and convincingly that the Kebara hyoid bone offers no such support for the linguistic communication thesis.
In two articles, Lieberman has successfully demonstrated that the lack of knowledge of speech physiology has misled those who made this assumption. He discusses at length the differences between the construction of the modern primates' supralaryngeal strain tract and shows that the arguments based on the Kebara hyoid bone depend, for example, on assumptions about the position of the bone that cannot be supported by evidence. In addition, the supporters of the idea argue from the morphology of the bone to its position in the neck, a position that would support the idea of Neanderthal speech. Yet, as Lieberman explains, "human hyoid morphology is highly inconsistent and does not appear to be linked to hyoid position." Lieberman cites numerous other problems with the general attempt to prove that Neanderthals had the same speech capacity as humans and concludes that these arguments "often seem to be driven more by theoretical positions than by selective information or logic."
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