Underground To Canada : Mammy Sallys Version :: essays research papers

Underground to Canada Mammy passs VersionAs Mammy Sally was cooking this lady called Nina who also worded in the kitchen express "I found a passage way divulge o here." Mammy Sally witnessed shocker. "But if weget caught Massa Simms gonna whip us until our day are through with(p) workin. "SaidMammy Sally. But, Nina was Strong and Fearless and said "I dont care Im sickof the way those people treat us I goin to Canada. Mammy Sally stood there fora while and in came Massa Simms with his whip. And said "You ladies gonna bestandin for a while" Mammy Sally looked frightened and said "No sir we werejust lecture about whats for diner," "So Said Massa Simms "whats for dinner","well" said Mammy Sally "potatoes and corn" "what else" said Massa Simms MammySally had a scared look on her face "What else"? Yelled mass Simms" well Iguess I can cook some bread" said Mammy Sally, " same bread that would be nice"Some break that would be nice" Said Massa Simms. A Couple of hours passed andMammy Sally getting ready to plume the table for dinner when in came Nina and shesaid "So have you thought it yet" " no" said Mammy Sally. The next day Nina wokeup primaeval she put on here rags and took some food from the kitchen and woke upMammy Sally and Mammy Sally said "if we get caught "I know I know" interruptedNina " we gonna get whipped tell our days are done working." Well at least youknow" said " Mammy Sally and they left. "So said Mammy Sally" Where is thissecret passage you were talking about" youll see" said Nina. When they got tothe secret passage Mammy Sally said, "We aint gonna get out with out gettingcaught. Nina looked awkwardly at Mammy Sally and said "she is safer than theunderground railway" "how can you ? it "said Mammy Sally. The secret passage wasa hole through the ground and first went Mammy Sally after went Nina. When theygot out Nina said " Smell the fresh air of freedom." "yes soon we will be backthere and we wont be working in the kitchen well be getten whipped." It wasgetting and Mammy Sally and Nina were walking all day and they were very tired,so they decided to stop and rest. After they rested they ate and began walkingagain. It was down when they came to a cabin and the knocked on the door they

Adelaide Local Government Area Essay -- CBD,diversity, heterogeneity

IntroductionAdelaide Local Government Area which incorporates Adelaide CBD and North Adelaide is culturally, ethnically, socio-economically and demographically diverse. According to the ABS census data (2011), although the 20-29 years age bracket makes up over a third of its 19,639 residents, other age groups have significant representations and in addition to English, various languages ar spoken at home as first languages. As such the ethno-cultural and socio-demographic diversity has the capacity to create a unique social ambience.The location of two world class universities in the Adelaide LGA plays a major role in the social ecology of the area. About 8,672 people (nearly half of all residents) attend some sort of an educational institution and of that, 4,850 are university and other tertiary institution students (ABS 2011). However, it is unclear how many of the students are locals as there is focus on promoting Adelaide to the world as The Education City to curl international students. In SA Government (2010) 30-Year Plan for Greater Adelaide, the city centre has been billed the financial, cultural, educational and entertainment hub of the state. As such it is no wonder the sum of international students in Adelaide has increased over the years. By 2011, international students totalled 28,100 having increased nearly 2% between 2001 and 2012 (SA Government 2013). These figures may not be germane(predicate) in the context of Adelaide LGA as some may live outside of the area nonetheless they could shed light on the possibility of sheer closeness of students in the area. Therefore, the socio-demographic diversity of Adelaide LGA has several variances such as more dominant age groups and high student concentrations amon... ...an sociology reader, Routledge, New YorkMartin, WA 2004, The urban community, Pearson Prentice Hall, f number Saddle River, New JerseyVemuri, AW et al 2011, The tale of two scales evaluating relationship among life satisfaction, so cial capital, income and the natural environment at individual and neighbourhood levels in metropolitan Baltimore, Environment and Behaviour, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 3-25, viewed 29 March 2014, http//eab.sagepub.com.ezlibproxy.unisa.edu.au/content/43/1/3.full.pdf+html Worchel, S et al 1998, Social identity international Perspective, acute Publications, London UKZiersch, A & Arthurson, K 2007, Social capital and housing tenure in an Adelaide neighbourhood, Urban Policy and Research, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 409-431, viewed 29 March 2014, http//www.tandfonline.com.ezlibproxy.unisa.edu.au/inside/full/10.1080/08111140701665831.UzV52U2KArU

The Plug-In Drug by Marie Winn Essay -- essays research papers

In an article The Plug-In Drug the author Marie Winn discusses the bad influence of video on todays society. idiot box is a drug that interfere with family ritual, demeans human relationships and undermines the family.Marie Winn claims that telly over the years have effected many American family life. Since television is perfunctory ritual, many American tend to spent more time with television than they do with their family and this result in unhealthy relation in family. She also lie with that television destroy family unique quality that they carry, such reading, cooking, games, songs and other special rituals. The author claims television also destroys a human relationship. During free time preferably working our residue with conversing each other, we ar absorbed by imaginary world of television. Therefor we fail to interact through the really world hint to the distortion of real life relationship. Television gives an escape root for people who need to be spending time on relationships with their family as well as others. Because children have single way relationships with the television, they fail to fully develop their communication and social skills. This further intensifies the decline of the family relationships.Author also point out television undermines the family. Most parents are now relying on outside sources such... The Plug-In Drug by Marie Winn Essay -- essays research papers In an article The Plug-In Drug the author Marie Winn discusses the bad influence of television on todays society. Television is a drug that interfere with family ritual, destroys human relationships and undermines the family.Marie Winn claims that television over the years have effected many American family life. Since television is everyday ritual, many American tend to spent more time with television than they do with their family and this result in unhealthy relation in family. She also acknowledge that television destroy family un ique quality that they carry, such reading, cooking, games, songs and other special rituals. The author claims television also destroys a human relationship. During free time instead working our difference with conversing each other, we are absorbed by imaginary world of television. Therefor we fail to interact through the real world leading to the distortion of real life relationship. Television gives an escape root for people who need to be spending time on relationships with their family as well as others. Because children have one way relationships with the television, they fail to fully develop their communication and social skills. This further intensifies the decline of the family relationships.Author also point out television undermines the family. Most parents are now relying on outside sources such...

The Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka Essay -- Metamorphosis Kafka Essays

The Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka with come out literary history, certain authors are so unique and fresh in their approach to the written word of honor that they come to embody a genre. Franz Kafka is one such author Die Verwandlung or The Metamorphosis is one of his works that helped coin the term Kafkaesque. Through this novella, Kafka addresses the undated theme of people exploit-ing others as a means to an end. He demonstrates this point through showing that a familys unhealthy dependence on the main character results in that characters dependence on the family.Kafkas unorthodox beginning of The Metamorphosis reads as what would seem to be a climactic moment As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect. The reader is henceforth funk to the story in search of the reason for and meaning of this hideous metamorphosis. Shortly thereafter, the reader may also notice that although Gregor is quite aware of his condition, given these unusual circumstances he is not at all in the state of panic one might expect. On the contrary, the insect is frustrated that it cannot get out of bed to go to work As Gregor tries to rouse himself from bed in his present condition, his observation that he himself wasnt feeling particularly fresh and active is queasy in its passive acknowledgment of the absurdity of his state (p. 855). This sets the tone for the remainder of the first chapter of the story. Gregor, a person typically not a hindered by scummy aches and pains, (p. 857) clings to his rational nature as he struggles with the slow-in-coming realization that he is more than temporarily incapacitated (p. 863).The first chapter ends shortly after Gregor reveals his new form. The sight of the insect elicited an expected re do its mother understandably retreated aghast and in shock. Correspondingly, the chief clerk that had been sent by Gregors employer, scrambled in flight as he had quite slipped fro m his mind (p. 864). Gregors father was relatively calm (p. 865) until the chief clerk had completed a hastened retreat. Gregors father, spurred into action by this flight, consequently repelled the insect aggressively and injuriously back into the bedroom from which it had come.The second chapter illustrates a family and a human-insect trying to adju... ... a perfectly normal function to do.Kafka uses a unique method of allegory. He does not say, Gregor is like a bug. He does not say Gregor is bug in a traditional metaphor rather he says Gregor is a bug literally. The movement is dramatic, as the reader, by virtue of the absurdity of the literalness of situation, is swept-up in trying to stay footed in reality. The effect of this technique is that the reader continues throughout the story to ask the question why? It is in this pursuit of why that the reader sees Kafkas message Dont treat people simply as a means, or life will have a way of turning it back on yourself. Through t he transformation of Gregor, and the transformation of the familys life, Kafka wants the reader to observe that despite Gregors metamorphosis into something very un-human, he remains the model of humanity when compared to his family. Not scarce did the family leech from Gregor, society itself seemed to call upon Gregor not as a person, but to serve as a tool to satisfy their needs. Once transformed, Gregor no semipermanent served well in this capacity. Rather, he became the one in need, and he quickly became more of a burden than he was worth to them.

The SPAMEX system. :: Computer Science

The SPAMEX system.1. IntroductionThe SPAMEX system proposed by SCABB is outlined in the attachedletter. I hope to point a suitable softw are process model for thedevelopment of the SPAMEX system in the following document.2. The Waterfall ModelThe waterfall model consists of several stages of the developmentlife-cycle, distributively of which are completed in turn.The first stage in applying this model to the development of theSPAMEX system would be to document the system concept and identify thesystem requirements. After analysing these requirements, one wouldbreak the system into pieces, for example TIP user interface,customer database etc. Each of these components (or subsystems) nowrequire detailed design to begin with the coding can take place. After eachof the components has been tested and debugged individually, they canbe integrated to form part of the whole SPAMEX system. The system as awhole can now be tested and deployed although requiring ongoingmaintenance.The waterfa ll model was the first of its kind and is still widelyused. It allows documented evidence of mount up as each stage must beapproved and signed off before the next stage is undertaken. Thisshould appeal to SCABB since they have access to these documents andcan track the put across of the development of their software. It wouldalso benefit the project manager, who would be able to ensureconsistency in the quality of the software and manage accordingly hisinvestments in period and money.The model also allows the various stages of the development to beoverlapped in accordance with the wishes of SCABB. This isparticularly useful in this case as the current brief presented bySCABB is not to the detail required by the developer. Further meetingsbetween both parties would be essential and ongoing changes inrequirements will be inevitable. However, such iterations are notpossible without significant investments in time and money from boththe developer and SCABB.As we can see, one of the m ain characteristics of the waterfall modelis that commitments be make for each stage early on and each one mustbe completed and signed off before the next is undertaken. Manyproblems may arise from this when apply to the SPAMEX system. Forexample, instability and other coding problems may not be discovereduntil the testing of the whole system. In such cases re-design may berequired, which is very knotted because from the very beginning,this model assumes feasibility before implementation.The waterfall model works well when requirements are stable and welldefined, the present SPAMEX brief is somewhat dull and specificdetails may only be attained through extensive client-developerinteraction.

Environmental Analysis: Southwest Airlines Essay

INTRODUCTION southwestern Airlines Co. began its operations in 1971 and has been serving the industry for the past 43 years at a time ( southwestward Airlines, n.d.). It is the major domestic stripline, and ranked issue forth one in 2014 by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (United States Department of Transportation, 2014). Back in 1971 the air lane began its services in Texas in the cities of Houston, San Antonio, and Dallas. The participation has been ranked as the nations largest low cost carrier (Mergent, 2012). It offers the lowest fargons, and has the lowest cost structure in the industry.Southwest Airlines Co. also acquired AirTran Holdings Inc. in 2011 and now owns AirTran Airways. The company has been ranked 9th among the 50 most admired companies in the world according to a survey by set magazine (Fortune Magazine, 2013). Southwest uses the exchange symbol LUV on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).This paper get out summarize an environmental s understructure of Southwest Airlines to allow an analysis of the most important external environmental factors in the remote, industry, and external operating environments, the most important strengths and weaknesses of the organization, an assessment of the companys competitive position, and canvass the structure of the organization and how this affects organizational performance (University ofPhoenix, 2013).POLITICAL FACTORSThe Airline and Aviation industry underwent government activityal Regulations by the passage of the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 and the coincident creation of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). This Act enabled the CAB to control the service f atomic number 18s, the entry of new air lanes from the market and the exit of existing airlines from the same, and the assigning of air routes to different airlines. Then the Federal Aviation Act was passed in 1958 and led to the shaping of the Federal Aviation Administration in August 1958. The rule do was shifted to the FAA and it had control of the air routes, the airline safety and air traffic controls.The Airline Deregulation Act was passed in 1978 and falls in the category of Federal Law. It eliminated the political authority over determination of service fares and control of routes and new airlines entry into/exist from the airline industry. As a result of the act, the CAB was dissolved in 1984. The FAA was not eliminated and it remained in control of airline safety and air traffic control (United States Government Accountability Office, 2006). This Amendment came into force in 1979 and comes within the category of federal law.It manages the air traffic at Dallas Airfield in Texas. Initially, this amendment posed such restrictions on nonstop flights that their routes got express mail to Texas and its neighboring states only. However, the restrictions were taken off in 1997 and 2005. The Amendment was revoked in 2006 but some restrictions will expire in 2014. Soon after the passage of the Airlin e Deregulation Act of 1978, Southwest was about to begin interstate flights. But restrictions were imposed by the Congress and the airline was disqualified to ticket/operate flights beyond Texas and the states touching its borders.ECONOMIC FACTORSA number of scotch constraints are also there in the environment that have their relative usurpations on Southwests operations. These includeHigher unemployment rates, which Southwest had been challenging by refusing to direct off employees even during surging unemployment.Increase in operating costs.Instable credit market and capital market.Declining demand for air travel.Economic Recession in the ground (Southwest Airlines, et al., 2013).SOCIAL FACTORSSocial factors influencing performance include an summation air pollution caused by the airline industry as a whole gases are emitted in upper atmosphere causing an increase of around three percent of greenhouse emissions globally. Also, fuel efficiency has increased significantly from the past three decades. The airline industry has been divided into labor unions which include several types of unions such as the Flight Attendants Unions, the Machinists Unions, and the Pilots Unions. The majority of the employees are part of such unions which has led to an increase in labor costs for the entire airline industry. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS Fuel efficiency is increasing. Aircrafts that are more fuel efficient are being developed and the engines are being redesigned to cater to this change.The Air Transportation System has been reformed by the introduction of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). This system is supposititious to be implemented in the country by 2025. The system revises air routes and updates it to satellite system management the promotion of usage of GPS technology for navigation, route length shortening, time reduction, and fuel saving, etc.The JPDO (Joint Planning and Development Office) has been setup to facilitate the development of NextGen. Apart from that, the tracking system has beenupdated and routes have been improved significantly. Airline calculate and algorithms have allowed progresss in prices and costs for airlines in the industry. The average age of an aircraft in the industry is around 13 years. The market is expected to grow and revenues are apt(predicate) to increase.HOW sou-west SHOULD CONFRONT THESE THREATSSouthwest should take active measures to deal with all the above measured threats. To combat with political threats of regulation, the Shelby agreement does help by providing elaborateness in a few routes. However, they are still less and the routes and areas served need to be expanded. Some sort of agreement should be made for that. To deal with its economic threats, Southwest is already implementing fuel cost saving strategies. It has already reduced its fares for the passengers, which provides it with a competitive abut. Southwest has adopted a no-layoff policy with reference to its employees, in the face of eminent unemployment rates. Therefore it should bunk to control and ultimately minimize its operating costs. To deal with the social issues present in the industry, careful negotiations and dealings with the motley kinds of unions should be done. Environmentally safe emissions of gas should be reviewed as well as alternate sources of energy.Technology is increasing in the industry. Southwest necessarily to be able to afford the latest technology so that it could offer superior quality of service than its competitors.SOUTHWESTS STRENGTHSSouthwest Airlines has a number of strengths. It uses the cozy urban center airports and focuses on point-to-point service, which reduces the connections and facilitates nonstop routing. That resultantly reduces the total flight time. This makes it easier for Southwest to charge low flight fares for its passengers. The airline also serves downtown airports including Houston Hobby, Chicago Midway, Dallas Love Field, Burb ank, Oakland, San Jose, Manchester, Baltimore-Washington International, Hollywood, long Island Islip and Providence airports. This way the airline can make good use of its assets and perform on time and be reliable. That ultimately shows up as an increase in market revenue (MarketLine, 2012). The company has also employed conquestful advertising methods. It has reduced its overall operating costs and has been profitable for 36 in series(p) years. It is known in the airline industry as being the best low cost carrier.SOUTHWESTS WEAKNESSESContractual obligations associated with the purchase of future aircraft, debt payment, and leasing arrangements resulted in a lowering of the companies credit rating in 2009. This has affected the companys ability to secure future financing (Tellex, 2012a).With increased technology, less companies are dependent on face-to-face meetings resulting in a lower demand for business travel. Reappearing downturn in the economy have also reduce the inwar dness of those who travel for leisure. The subsequent result in the overall decrease in travel is lower profit margins for the company (Tellex, et al., 2012b).The company continues to rely heavily on revenue generated by passenger travel, earning only one percent of its revenue through the transportation of freight and commitment. Considering that passenger travel is heavily dependent on price, fluctuations in fuel and security costs can expose profits to volatility (Tellex, et al., 2012c).The airline has always maintained a conservative growth strategy. It needs to develop a more aggressive, robust business plan in order to keep up with other industry leaders in the fresh economy. The company is currently limited to approximately 68 cities domestically and relies heavily on one aircraft manufacture (Boeing) to produce its fleet (Tellex, et al., 2012d).MAIN COMPETITOR wiz of the major competitors to Southwest Airlines is Delta Airlines, which is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. It has a few significant weaknesses such as the legal issues it has recently faced (including 2009s antitrust lawsuits) that have had their impact on the companys brand image. Also, the company is heavily indebted. In Fiscal Year 2011, the company had a long term debt of $11,233 million, and in FY2010 it was $12,553. The fire expense was also very high. That is why it is moreprone to recession and because of this financial depression it is also unable to acquire additional funds. That has become a threat to its liquidity. The company also faces increasing fuel costs, competitive threats, and extensive governmental regulation (MarketLine, et al., 2012).While it is difficult to combat governmental regulation, Southwest Airlines can build upon Delta Airlines weaknesses, because it has remained profitable and has also become fuel efficient in the recent past. Also, the company has been successfully able to reduce its overall cost structure and provide high customer service, which is why it is amongst the top ranked airlines in the industry. This automatically creates value for the stakeholders.SOUTHWESTS COMPETITIVE systemThe company follows a low-cost competitive strategy by offering low fares to its customers which happen because it has been able to reduce its operating costs. It focuses on inner city airports such as the Dallas Love Field. To minimize costs, Southwest doesnt provide meals in flights. It also uses Boeing 737 aircrafts which are technologically more fuel efficient. This makes its ranking high in customer services as compared to other airlines in the industry.RECOMMENDED MODIFICATIONS TO SOUTHWESTS STRATEGYAssuming that the United States economy is undergoing a downturn, Southwest Airlines will need to make a few amendments to its strategy. These include improving its cost efficient structure and maintaining its existing customer base as well as begin providing healthy meals on an economical basis without increasing the flight fares too muc h. It should focus on what it does best and also build upon its competitive edge of excellent customer service. That way it would be able to combat the effects of an economic downturn, partially or completely.IMPACT OF GLOBAL COMPETITION ON SOUTHWESTS STRATEGYIf viewed from a global perspective, the company needs to make several revisions to its competitive strategy. Although Southwest has a competitive edge in the local anesthetic industry because of its low fares and low cost structure, to be able to face global competition, the company needs to begin serving more routes, as the number of routes it serves currently is making it seem like a competitive disadvantage for the company. Also, the company should utilize its profits for the provision of healthy quality meals. An overall improvement in the operations should also be considered.ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCEPerhaps the most important element of Southwest Airlines success is the companys decentralized organization s tructure. The airline places a limited emphasis on organizational structure allowing employees and management committees to make decisions. The companys policies are developed by combining employee input and measuring all decisions against its own code of ethics.The company continuously demonstrates its ability to develop relationships through the formation of cross-functional teams that share goals and knowledge and build a mutual respect for one another rather than blaming. Focus on relationships is the fundamental driver of leadership, culture, strategy, and coordination at Southwest (Gittell, 2003, p. 177). Southwest defines leadership as a process that can occur at any level of the organization but is most productive on the front lines.Supervisors assume a position of servitude to their subordinates going beyond the traditional responsibilities of that role. Employees are viewed as internal customers who deserve nurturing and training. The company intentionally distorts the lin es between work and personal lives to enhance family and community relationships. The end result of such an organizational structure is improved flight departure performance, faster turnaround times, greater staffing productivity, fewer lost bags, and fewer customer complaints (Gittell, 2003).CONCLUSIONSince its inception in 1971, Southwest has continuously distinguished itself from other airlines in the industry. For 41 consecutive years, it is the only airline to sustain a profit. The companys organizational structure reflects its commitment to customers and employees alike. The benefits of this commitment have established the company as the benchmark for the industry in terms of loyalty and customer/employee satisfaction. Rankings such as number one in air transportation (United States Government Accountability Office, et al., 2006), number nine in _Fortunes Most Admired Companies_ (Fortune Magazine, et al., 2013), and number 12 on _Forbes Best Companies to Work For In 2013_ (For bes, 2013) also provide testament to the success of the companys business strategy.In order to sustain this level of success in the long-term and remain competitive within an industry that already has limited flexibility created by an unusually large amount of fixed costs, federal and union regulation, manufacturer dependency, and economy. The company must give consideration to developing a more transformational model. Fortunately for Southwest, the company has no need to reinvent itself. However, this model should include an cost-effective approach to fleet expansion and additional freight and cargo transportation services to generate more revenue while retaining their proven formula for organizational structure and customer service.ReferencesForbes. (2013). _The 25 Best Places to Work in 2013_. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Forbes http//www.forbes.com/pictures/efkk45eddil/no-12-southwest/Fortune Magazine. (2013). _Worlds Most Admired Companies_. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Fortune http//fortune.com/worlds-most-admired-companies/southwest-airlines-9/Gittell, J. (2003). _The Southwest Airlines Way Using Power of Relationshipsto Achieve High Performance._ New York McGraw-Hill. Retrieved June 8, 2014MarketLine. (2012, December 21). _ ram Analysis_. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from MarketLine http//advantage.marketline.com/PageForbidden?returnUrl=%2FProduct%3Fpid%3D345D3B5B-CDC8-4F13-AD68-8D79064FB08A%26view%3DSWOTAnalysisMergent. (2012, Decemeber 14). _Company Detail Southwest_. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Mergent Investor edge http//www.mergentinvestoredge.com/companyDetail.php?compNumber=7750&companyName=Southwest%20Airlines%20Co&ticker=LUV&cik=0000092380&pagetype=detail&exchange=NYS&country=USASouthwest Airlines. (2013, December 31). _LUV Investor Relations_. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from 2013 Annual Report http//southwest.investorroom.com/company-reportsSouthwest Airlines. (n.d.). _Company Profile_. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from LUV Investor Relations http//sout hwest.investorroom.com/Tellex, T. (2012, March 20). _Southwest Airline SWOT Analysis_. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Exploring the World of Business http//www.tamaratellezmba.com/blog/2012/03/20/southwest-airlines-swot-analysis/United States Department of Transportation. (2014, May 15). _Airline Traffic Data_. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Bureau of Transportation Statistics http//www.rita.dot.gov/bts/press_releases/bts024_14United States Government Accountability Office, (. (2006). _Airline Deregulation._ United States Government Accountability Office. Retrieved June 8, 2014University of Phoenix. (2013). _STR/581 Week 3 Individual Assignment External and Internal Environmental Analysis_. Retrieved June 7, 2014, from

Optical Computed Tomography Essay

Development of optical computed tomography is traceable back to slightly more than a decade ago. ( Doran & Krstajic, 200645) The study of tissues use conventional methods and more specifically optical microscopy often suffered major problems keepn its inherent original of three-D materials in 2-D. it is on this basis that there arose the expect for more advanced representation techniques. (Doran & Krstajic, 200647) Optimal tomography has been able to fill this scientific gap through its ability to combine a series of 2-D images to give a three-D image.This process involves construction of a spatial 3-D distribution regarding the linear attenuation of an object with the use of samples recorded from various angles of the ignitor beam transmitted. (Zhang G. Et al, 20082738) Significantly, optical CT has independently emerged within three differing fields. Documented evidence reveal that the earliest emergence of CT is traceable to late 1990s discovery by Maryanski and Gore similar to the CCD-based optical image scanner applicable in investigation of chemical structures that often engage in self institution was presented by Winfree.(Chamgoulov, 20061) Later in 2002 though Sharpe published micro-CT images of which he refers to as optical projection tomography. However, recent technologies have seen introduction of optical applied science applying the use of trans-illumination tomography in the study of tissues. optical CT thus falls within the class of optical imaging devices. Often its referred t as an interferometric mechanism which brings together scattered light emerging from the sample with regard to a reference beam. (Zhang G. Et al, 20082740) OCTs use in tissue study experiences terminal point regarding the maximum penetrable depth.The operations of optical CT originates from the beers law which describes the attenuation of light and X-rays as they move through a given medium. The law states that for uni conventionly distributed substance bearing a linear attenuation coefficient ? with a measuring detector at a depth d is described by the equality below l(d)= l_0 exp (-? d),l? Where l0 represents the measured intensity at depth equals to zero. Where N mediums are to be bypassed by the rays, then the equation translates as described below l(N? y) ? = l? _0 exp -? _(i=1)N- _i ? y? The most recent development of Optic CT application has been the optical CT microscopes which uses of DMD (Digital micro-mirror device). This involves an array consisting of thousands of very small micro-mirrors designed in a way that allows each to be individually controlled. This allows illumination of the specimen at different angles or rather they act as spatial modulators of light. (Chamgoulov, 20062) Another form of optical CT microscope employs the use of an optical scanner primarily controlled by a computer in moving of light across the given sample.(see frame 1) Such a system is made up of a pair of objective lenses with high numerical aper tures, a source of light, and a detector. The optical scanner is made up of a two axis mirror consisting of motorized linear actuators. (Doran & Krstajic, 200650) The objective lenses numerical aperture limits the angular range. The microscope applies greater use of the radons transformations which is described by the equation below l=l_(0 ) exp ? -? (y)dy across a given sample Figure 1 Optical CT microscope schematic representationThe optical CT microscope gives 3-D images of sample creation studied with the samples dimensions being visibly seen. This has thus extended its application as a way of study tissues and body cells more effectively as previously only two dimensional images could be visualized. Data from optical CT imaging is often presented in Radon space, a 2-D form of image referred to as a sinogram. (Doran & Krstajic, 200651) The samples various points are said to each produce their own sinogram tracks overlaid to each other.The source and the detector are each place d on either side of the object being imaged. When the source detector is at position x, then the attenuated optical maser beam intensity that the detector receives is given by the equation l(x)=l_0 exp ? -? (x,y) dy Often the source detector track is rotated around the sample being imaged. However some designed allow the sample to rotate instead. This change does not result into a change in design except for mathematical calculations that are altered to take into consideration the resulting sample rotational angles.The equation of radon transforms then takes the form describes below ?_? (x)= ? -? (x_? y_? )dy= -(In (l_? x)/l_0 ) Advantages and disadvantages of using optical computed tomography This technology has attracted widespread use by industrialist and other end users due to its high speed and precision. In addition it provides more detailed subsurface images of both 2-D and 3-D structures. (Sakhalkar & Oldham, 2007104) Notably also is its capability of producing high resolu tion and in-depth images of tissues.This has led to its gaining popularity with ophthalmologists. Non-biological application too employs the use of optical CT as it is applicable in non-destructive interrogation and material evaluation. In 2007 for instance, David Stifter in his paper cited the applicability of the technology in detection of ceramic defects (Stifter et al, 2005) and other non-contact materials including glass, polymers among others. However, the technology is still considered expensive and unaffordable to most of its sexually attractive users.Additionally, the highly scattering nature of biological tissues has limited the technology to only shallow depths in imaging penetration. References Doran, S. J. & Krstajic, N. (2006) The history and principles of optical computed tomography for see 3-D radiation dosimeters. Journal of physics, 564557 Zhang G. Et al (2008) Use of three-dimensional (3D) optical flow method in mapping 3D anatomic structure and tumor contours across four-dimensional computed tomography data. Journal of Applied Clinical Medicine Physics, 9(1)2738 Chamgoulov, R. , Pierre L. & Calum, M.(2006)Computed tomography generates three-dimensional microscopic images of cells, Journal of Optical Engineering, 2(2)1-3. J. Sharpe, (2008) Optical Projection Tomography. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 8 209-228, Sakhalkar H. S. & Oldham, M (2007) Fast, high-resolution 3D dosimetry utilizing a novel optical-CT scanner incorporating tertiary telecentric collimation. Med. Phys. 35(1)101-111 Stifter, D. et al (2005) En-face scanning optical coherence tomography with ultra-high resolution for material investigation, Journal of Optics, 13( 3)1015-1024

How does television cause violent behavior? Essay

How does boob tube cause violent behavior? Good question. All people watch TV besides nevertheless some of them use violent behavior. Television is an idol of the modern days. Watching television is an experience shared by the vast majority of children and adults, custody and women, wealthy and poor people. It is convenient, inexpensive, available and attractive. Television discount entertain us and can teach us some useful or useless things. similarly frequently it is used even as a substitute for other activities. Activities like violence. For the most the violence is ugly, unattractive and forbidden thing. We can butt against it in the streets, back alleys, school, and even at home. But the main source of violence in our life is television.Children are the most vulnerable group for influence of the television violence. Seeing a lot of violence on television can lead them to behave aggressively. I read story about a 16-year-old son who broke into a cellar in the city of New York. When the police caught him and asked him why he was wearing gloves he replied that he had learned to do so to not leave fingerprints and that he discovered this on television. But television violence does not affect only childs youth it can also affect his or her adulthood. This can force the child into a kind of premature maturity. As the child matures into an adult, he can become gravel have a gr eater distrust towards others, a superficial approach to adult problems, and even an unwillingness to become an adult.In Alabama, a nine-year-old boy authorized a bad report card from his teacher. He suggested sending the teacher poisoned candy as revenge as he had seen on television the dark before. This young Borja probable will have problems with conflict management in the future. It will be easier for him to think about poisonous candy or some other Kunststueck than to face the conflict and find wise solution (e.g. learn subject better). I am wondered why people find the vi olence that they can see on television more attractive than the violence on the streets.Probably when we sit well(p) the television screen, in safety and comfort, our curiosity make us to look to the unattractive features of human relationship? We know that those lakes of blood, explosions, masculine domination or brutal words are far from our sweat home. But children arrogatet always realize that this is not the way thing are handled in real life. They come to expect it, and when they dont see it the arena becomes bland and in need of violence. The children then can create the violence that their mind craves. A seven-year-old Californian boy sprinkled ground-up glass into the lamb stew the family was to eat for dinner.When asked why he did it he replied that he wanted to see if the results would be the same in real life as they were on television.Television sends not only messages about exciting world of adventures and violence. It offers role model which child can try to put on . Children find the violent characters on television fun to imitate. This could be a problem for children in the big cities, where aggressive behavior is more acceptable. I do not feel sure that there are no gender peculiarities of television violence impact on the youth. Probably, boys are more sensitive to this impact. They see heroes who become their role models.They accept that it is cool to carry an self-activating weapon and use it to knock off the bad guys. I never had Kalashnikov or M-16 automatic rifle but I saw awesome word picture Bowling for ColombineFortunately, there were developed programs for parents and children education to prevent unfavorable effects of watching violence television. We advise to limit television viewing time to 1 to 2 hours each day, to control content of TV shows and movies watching by children, to discuss with children issues of violent behavior and ways how to solve problems without violence. I propose not palliative but more radical prevent ive measure do not watch TV at all. Today American children spend near television more time than they spend in school. They watch cartoons, movies and shows with the violence. Children should stop it and read more books. Without violence, of course.

Environmental Factors That Affect Trade Between United States And Mexico Essay

Global business environment is increasingly being determined by prevailing environmental concerns. Trade regulations in the midst of countries atomic number 18 being benchmarked on the decisions made on environmental policy. Even though there exists an underlying inadequacy in negotiating external mete taboo scorements in unification with three-sided environment agreements, formulation of swop policy has been forced to move hand in hand with requisite environment policy creating a power that only promotes a complimentary of the policies for sustainable economic development. In the same fray is the North American Free Trade arrangement (NAFTA).NAFTA which includes several guidelines that situation environmental related supply. The accord as agreed provides trilateral cooperation on matters concerning the environment and it also contains specific provisions that seek to pressurize members to enforce environmental law. The United States and Mexico has also instituted a bilate ral establishment called the Boarder Environment Cooperation Commission. Together with the North American Development Bank communities around the boarder argonas are financed to enable them complete environment infrastructure projects.Despite the agreement these are still ongoing discussions on NAFTAs possible environment effect, implementation of pending NAFTAs provisions and border funding modalities (whitethorn Tinmann, 2000) During the negotiations carried out in the context of liberalizing investment and lot rules between the two countries, environmental issues arose due to the existence of a more stringent standards on one country while the other country had only weak environmental protection measures. Such differences could be challenged with famed success as non tariff barriers that only serve to stifle trade between the two countries.Another issue was whether the existence of weaker environment protection measures on one side could created an unfair competitive advantage and hence encourage businesses to relocate production to areas that are least regulated in terms of environmental protection measures. Strict environmental regulations on the United States soil pose a considerable non tariff trade barrier hence the requirement for the study of harmonization of environmental provisions, health and safety standards. Relocation of industries to least environmentally regulated zones created a new challenge with increasing population.To offset this a mechanics had to be put in place to regulate all border environmental projects. Under the auspices of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) on which NAFTA operates new environmental issues are arising. In 1991 a dispute arose after the United States toss outned importations of tuna as Mexico had violated GATTs trade rules. The ban imposed under the Us Marine Mammal Protection Act sought to limit the killing or the causing of serious injury to dolphins together with other marine animals in the cour se of commercial fishing.Mexico contested the ban but the court order was not ski towed. Fol number 1ing the hearings of the case it was proposed that congress would lift the ban temporarily and Canada made a 5 year moratorium commitment that stated on March 1, 1994. Presently proposed changes on key environmental provisions that affect trade are focusing on non tariff barriers and the expansion on GATT discipline for Agriculture. (Trade and the Environment, 1993) There is no certainty to the conclusion of NAFTA debates and discussions taking into note that they had stalled several times earlier.The effects of additional changes are likely to brew new wave of conflict between GATT and environmental provisions. The relationship between international environmental agreements and GATT is another concern. Included in the International environmental agreement are 17 multilateral environmental agreements. These agreements cover key environmental problems such as stratospheric ozone dep letion, hazardous waste and endangered species.There is concern that other multilateral environmental agreements such as limits to green house gas emissions may be included in the trade agreements further straining Mexico trade as importation of products that do not comply with both the GATT provisions and multilateral environment provisions will be banned. At the moment it still remains to be seen whether another GATT member can successfully challenge a trade measure leveled upon it by another member in pursuant of the multilateral environmental agreements.The growth of conflicts may in the future discourage GATT from acquiring agreements that would make trade impossible in addition to making GATTs resolutions ineffective and difficult to enforce (Trade and Environment, 1992). There is need to reduce the functions between trade and environmental concerns. The North American Free Trade Agreement seeks to increase economic activity in Mexico and Boarder regions of the United States b y negotiating a trade agreement that is agreeable to all the trade partners.However, there are concerns that unless the agreement puts in place adequate environmental safeguards, additional economic growth would turn the already serious environmental health problems. There are also concerns that these trade agreements may weaken or undermine the existing United States environmental standards. Mexicos commitment to environmental legislation and protection and commitment to attaining high environmental compliance is important. The laxity of the Mexican authorities to enforce strict environmental standards has seen some United States industries migrating to Mexicos duty free export zones.These factories relocate mainly to erode the strict United States Environmental Protection Standards and also to habituate cheap labor in Mexico. Their proximity to the United States markets creates a competitive advantage as compared to the industries operating in the United States If all trading pa rtners agree and conduct environmental reviews affecting Trade agreements as a unified standard procedure the environment and underlying economic implications will be adequately analyzed through expert opinions and public debate.In line with environment, health and safety standard risks from traded products can be curtailed. However, this required a standardized manner of that product risk assessment and testing is done strictly to the recommended stringent domestic and international guidelines. (Paul Cough, 1993) New interpretations of GATT guidelines could threaten domestic regulatory regimes hence be a new risk to trading partners.There are environmental concerns that inadequate regulation and low levels of environmental regulation in pursuit of trade liberalization may be used as an incentive to attract foreign investment as the production costs would be very low compared to countries with stringent guidelines. There are those who argue that environmental problems have limited impact on international competitiveness however if countries could impose a self-aggrandising carbon tax aimed primarily at reducing the emission of green house gases, the impact would be considerably huge.Conflicting interests particularly the Trade and the Rio resolve declares that all states have got the right and sovereign authority to exploit their resources according to their own national environmental and development policies so long as their activities do not offer an environmental threat to that of other states or areas beyond their jurisdiction. The underlying fact that some states might lower their environmental protection measures is a threat to agreements that struggle to foster free trade between countries.This paper analyzes such concerns and offers recommendations to the extent of the present regulatory frameworks. Border waste Trade between the United States and Mexico The United States border lies within the jurisdiction of six Mexican states and four United Sta tes. Even though each state preserves and governs its win jurisdiction there has always been a very central and longstanding environmental pollution issue that is exacerbated by industrial and municipal wastes being carry out to the rivers that flow from the Mexican frontiers to the United States.Mexican wastes municipal treatment system are obsolete or non existent. This is further worsened by companies that operate in a less strict environmental regulatory jurisdiction. These companies are inclusive of United States companies and they engage in illegal dumping of untreated wastes into the river systems. This has created a disagreement in the levels of development as well as fresh concerns on priorities of development and trade with specificity to the use of underground and surface water that are nice increasingly polluted.There is another problem of illegal dumping sites that pose a threat to health of inhabitants of the cities along the United States-Mexico border. The Border Environmental cooperation Agreement has been mandated to coordinate boarder water quality and sanitation services. However, disputes are ripe and every country is presenting its own interpretations of treaty. This has worsened the trade between countries as discussions and debates carried out under the auspices of NAFTA though fruitful have failed to provide an innovative, comprehensive and internationally binding agreement to forestall the potential health effects of continue trade.

Elements Of Business Environment

(I) Project ONE ELEMENTS OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT The instructors should help the students in selecting any one element of the following 1. Changes witnessed over the last few geezerhood on mode of packaging and its economic impact. The teacher may guide the students to identify the following changes a) The changes in transportation of fruits and vegetables such as cardboard crates existence used in place of wooden crates, etc. Reasons for above changes. b) Milk being supplied in glass bottles , later in plastic bags and now in tetra pack and through vending machines. ) Plastic furniture doors and stools gaining preference over wooden furniture. d) The origin of cardboard and the various stages of changes and growth. e) Brown report card bags packing to recycled paper bags to plastic bags and cloth bags. f) Re use of packaging bottles, jars and tins to attract customers for their products. g) The concept of pyramid packaging for milk. h) Cost being borne by the consumer/manufactur er. i) Packaging used as means of advertisements. 2. The reasons behind changes in the following Coca Cola and Fanta in the seventies to Thums up and Campa Cola in the eighties to Pepsi and Coke in nineties.The teacher may guide the students to the times when India sold Coca Cola and Fanta were being manufactured in India by the foreign companies. The students may be asked to enquire just about a. Reasons of stopping the manufacturing of the above mentioned drinks in India THEN. b. The introduction of Thums up and Campa cola range. c. Re entry of Coke and introduction of Pepsi in the Indian market. d. Factors responsible for the change. e. some other linkages with the above. f. prima(p) brands and the company having the highest market share. g. Different local brands venturing in the Indian market. . The rating of the above brands in the market. i. The survival and reasons of failure in competition with the international brands. j. Other observations made by the students The tea cher may develop the following on the above lines 3. Changing role of the women in the past 25 years relating to juncture families, nuclear families, women as a bread earner of the family, changes in the requirement trend of mixers, washing machines, micro wave and standard of living. 4. The changes in the pattern of issue and export of different Products. 5.The trend in the changing interest rates and their establish on savings. 6. A study on child labour laws, its carrying into action and consequences . 7. The state of anti plastic campaign, the law, its effects and implementation. 8. The laws of mining /setting up of industries, rules and regulations, licences required for running that business. 9. Social factors affecting acceptance and rejection of an identified product. ( Dish washer, Atta maker, etc) 10. What has the effect been on the types of goods and services? The students can take examples like a.Washing machines, micro waves, mixers and grinder. b. Need for creche, day care centre for young and old. c. Ready to eat pabulum, eating food outside, and tiffin centres. 11. Change in the man-machine ratio with technological advances resulting in change of cost structure. 12. Effect of changes in technological environment on the behaviour of employee. instauration ? Cover page should include the title of the Project, student information, school and year. ? List of contents. ? Acknowledgements and preface (acknowledging the institution, the places visited and the persons who have helped). Introduction. ? Topic with suitable heading. ? Planning and activities done during the project, if any. ? Observations and findings of the visit. ? Conclusions (summarised suggestions or findings, future tense scope of study). ? Photographs (if any). ? Appendix . ? Teachers observation. ? Signatures of the teachers. ? At the completion of the evaluation of the project, it should be punched in the centre so that the report may not be reused but is available for ref erence only. ? The projects will be returned after evaluation. The school may keep the best projects.

Banking Project

INTRODUCTION & HISTORY OF BANKING BANKING pic Introduction India cannot have a healthy economy with surface a sound and effective relying organization. The shoreing remains should be hassle free and able to meet the new ch wholeenges posed by technology and former(a) factors, both internal and external. In the past deuce-ace decades, Indias brinking system has earned sevearned run averagel out live oning exploits to its credit. The most striking is its ex ten dollar billsive reach. It is no longer confined to metropolises or cities in India.In fact, Indian lodgeing system has reached even to the inappropriate corners of the area. This is one of the main aspects of Indias return story. The governments regulation policy for deposes has paid rich dividends with the nationalization of 14 major clandestine banks in 1969. coin banking today has become satisfied and instant, with the account holder not having to wait for hours at the bank counter for getting a draft or for wit hdrawing money from his account. believeing in Indiain the new-fangled sense originated in the last decades of the 18th century.The beginning banks were The General chamfer of India, which started in 1786, and curse of Hindustan, which started in 1770 both are now defunct. The oldest bank mute in existence in India is the aver confide of India, which originated in the edge of Calcuttain June 1806, which almost immediately became the jargon of Bengal. This was one of the three presidency banks, the other two being the imprecate of Bombayand the lodge of Madras, all three of which were launch downstairs charters from theBritish East India Comp any(prenominal). For many courses the presidency banks acted as quasi- primeval banks, as did their successors.The three banks corporate in 1921 to form the olympian swear of India, which, upon Indias independence, became the estate Bank of Indiain 1955. 1. History of Banking in India The first bank in India, though conservative, was accomplished in 1786. From 1786 till today, the journey of Indian Banking System can be segregated into three distinct phases Early phase of Indian banks, from 1786 to 1969 communization of banks and the banking sector reforms, from 1969 to 1991 newborn phase of Indian banking system, with the reforms after 1991 Phase1The first bank in India, the General Bank of India, was set up in 1786. Bank of Hindustan and Bengal Bank followed. The East India Company established Bank of Bengal (1809), Bank of Bombay (1840), and Bank of Madras (1843) as independent units and called them Presidency banks. These three banks were amalgamated in 1920 and the Imperial Bank of India, a bank of private shareholders, mostly Europeans, was established. Allahabad Bank was established, exclusively by Indians, in 1865. Punjab National Bank was set up in 1894 with headquarters in Lahore.Between 1906 and 1913, Bank of India, Central Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank, Indian Bank, and Bank o f Mysore were set up. The defy Bank of India came in 1935. During the first phase, the growth was very slow and banks likewise experient designic failures between 1913 and 1948. There were approximately 1,100 banks, mostly small. To streamline the function and activities of commercial banks, the disposal of India came up with the Banking Companies Act, 1949, which was later changed to the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 as per amending Act of 1965 (Act nary(prenominal) 3 of 1965). The Reserve Bank of India ( rbi) was vested with extensive powers for the supervision of banking in India as the Central banking authority. During those days, the general public had lesser confidence in banks. As an af marginath, define mobilization was slow. Moreover, the savings bank facility provided by the Postal department was comparatively safer, and funds were largely given to exchangers. Phase2 The government took major initiatives in banking sector reforms after Independence.In 1955, it nati onalized the Imperial Bank of India and started offering extensive banking facilities, especially in rural and semi-urban areas. The government constituted the pass on Bank of India to act as the superstar agent of the RBI and to handle banking trans fulfils of the Union government and assure governments all over the country. Seven banks owned by the Princely states were nationalized in 1959 and they became subsidiaries of the body politic Bank of India. In 1969, 14 commercial banks in the country were nationalized. In the second phase of banking sector reforms, seven more banks were nationalized in 1980.With this, 80 percentage of the banking sector in India came under the government ownership. Phase3 This phase has introduced many more products and facilities in the banking sector as part of the reforms process. In 1991, under the chairmanship of M Narasimham, a committee was set up, which worked for the liberalization of banking practices. no, the country is flooded with o verseas banks and their ATM stations. Efforts are being put to give a satisfactory service to customers. name banking and net banking are introduced. The entire system became more convenient and swift.Time is given importance in all money transactions. The financial system of India has shown a cracking deal of resilience. It is sheltered from crises triggered by external macroeconomic shocks, which other East Asian countries often suffered. This is all due to a flexible deputise direct regime, the high foreign exchange restrain, the not-yet fully convertible ceiling account, and the limited foreign exchange exposure of banks and their customers. In ancient India there is evidence of loans from theVedic stage(beginning 1750 BC).Later during theMaurya dynasty(321 to 185 BC), an instrument called adesha was in use, which was an regularize on a banker desiring him to pay the money of the note to a third person, which cor opposes to the definition of a bill of exchange as we und erstand it today. During the Buddhist period, there was considerable use of these instruments. Merchants in large towns gave letters of credit to one another. Colonial era During the colonial era merchants inCalcuttaestablished the Union Bank in 1839, but it failed in 1840 as a consequence of the economic crisis of 1848-49.TheAllahabad Bank, established in 1865 and still functioning today, is the oldestJoint Stock bankin India, it was not the first though. That honor belongs to the Bank of Upper India, which was established in 1863, and which survived until 1913, when it failed, with some of its assets and liabilities being slayred to theAlliance Bank of Shimla. contradictory banks too started to appear, particularly inCalcutta, in the 1860s. TheComptoir dEscompte de Parisopened a branch in Calcutta in 1860, and another inBombayin 1862 branches inMadrasandPondicherry, then a French possession, followed. HSBCestablished itself inBengalin 1869.Calcutta was the most active trading po rt in India, in the first place due to the trade of theBritish Empire, and so became a banking center. The first entirely Indian joint stock bank was the Oudh Commercial Bank, established in 1881 inFaizabad. It failed in 1958. The next was thePunjab National Bank, established inLahorein 1895, which has survived to the reconcile and is now one of the largest banks in India. Around the turn of the 20th Century, the Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability. Around five decades had elapsed since theIndian Mutiny, and the social, industrial and other infrastructure had improved.Indians had established small banks, most of which served particular ethnic and religious communities. The presidency banks dominated banking in India but there were overly some exchange banks and a number of Indianjoint stockbanks. All these banks operated in varied segments of the economy. The exchange banks, mostly owned by Europeans, concentrated on financing foreign trade. Indian joint stock banks were generally under capitalized and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the presidency and exchange banks.This segmentation let Lord Curzon to reveal,In respect of banking it seems we are behind the times. We are like some old puddle sailing ship, divided by solid wooden bulkheads into separate and cumbersome compartments. The period between 1906 and 1911, saw the establishment of banks exalt by theSwadeshimovement. The Swadeshi movement inspired local businessmen and political figures to found banks of and for the Indian community. A number of banks established then have survived to the present such asBank of India, good deal Bank,Indian Bank,Bank of Baroda,Canara BankandCentral Bank of India.The fervour of Swadeshi movement lead to establishing of many private banks inDakshina KannadaandUdupi regulatewhich were unified earlier and know by the nameSouth Canara( South Kanara ) district. Four nationalised banks started in this district and o verly a leading private sector bank. Hence undivided Dakshina Kannada district is cognise as Cradle of Indian Banking. During theFirst World War(19141918) through the end of theSecond World War(19391945), and two years thenceforth until the independenceof India were challenging for Indian banking.The years of the First World War were turbulent, and it took its toll with banks simply collapsing despite theIndian economygaining indirect boost due to war-related economic activities. At to the lowest degree 94 banks in India failed between 1913 and 1918 as indicated in the following table Years Number of banks Authorised capital ante up Capital that failed (Rs. Lakhs) (Rs.Lakhs) 1913 12 274 35 1914 42 710 109 1915 11 56 5 1916 13 231 4 1917 9 76 25 1918 7 209 1 Post-Independence The district of Indiain 1947 adversely impacted the economies ofPunjabandWest Bengal, paralyzing banking activities for months. Indiasindependencemarked the end of a regime of theLaissez-fairefor th e Indian banking. TheGovernment of Indiainitiated measures to play an active employment in the economic life of the nation, and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 envisaged amixed economy. This resulted into greater involvement of the state in different segments of the economy including banking and finance.The major steps to regulate banking included ? TheReserve Bank of India, Indias commutation banking authority, was established in April 1935, but was nationalized on January 1, 1949 under the terms of the Reserve Bank of India ( change to Public Ownership) Act, 1948 (RBI, 2005b). ? In 1949, the Banking Regulation Act was enacted which empowered the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to regulate, control, and inspect the banks in India. ? The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new bank or branch of an brisk bank could be opened without a license from the RBI, and no two banks could have green directors. Nationalization in the 1960sDespite the p rovisions, control and regulations ofReserve Bank of India, banks in India except the distinguish Bank of Indiaor SBI, continued to be owned and operated by private persons. By the 1960s, the Indian banking industry had become an authoritative tool to facilitate the development of theIndian economy. At the same time, it had emerged as a large employer, and a debate had ensued just about the nationalization of the banking industry. Indra Gandhi, thenPrime Minister of India, expressed the intention of theGovernment of Indiain the annual conference of the All India Congress face-off in a root word entitledStray thoughts on Bank Nationalization. The meeting received the paper with en thuslyiasm. Thereafter, her move was swift and sudden.The Government of India exhaustd an ordinance (Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Ordinance, 1969)) and nationalizedthe 14 largest commercial banks with effect from the midnight of July 19, 1969. These banks contained 85 per cent of bank deposits in the country. 5Jayaprakash Narayan, a national leader of India, described the step as amasterstroke of political sagacity. Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance, the Parliamentpassed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking) Bill, and it received thepresidentialapproval on 9 August 1969. A second dose of nationalization of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980.The stated reason for the nationalization was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalization, the Government of India controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. Later on, in the year 1993, the government mergedNew Bank of IndiawithPunjab National Bank. It was the only conjugation between nationalized banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalized banks from 20 to 19. After this, until the 1990s, the nationalized banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the In dian economy. relaxation in the 1990s In the early 1990s, the thenNarasimha Raogovernment embarked on a policy ofliberalization, licensing a small number of private banks.These came to be known asNew Generation tech-savvy banks, and included Global Trust Bank (the first of such new generation banks to be set up), which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce,UTI Bank(since renamedAxis Bank),ICICI BankandHDFC Bank. This move, along with the rapid growth in theeconomy of India, revitalized the banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks, namely, government banks, private banks and foreign banks. The next stage for the Indian banking has been set up with the proposed relaxation in the norms for unconnected Direct Investment, where all Foreign Investors in banks may be given voting rights which could exceed the present cap of 10%,at present it has gone up to 74% with some restrictions. The new policy shook the Banking sector inIndiacompletely.Bankers, till this time, were used to the 4-6-4 method (Borrow at 4% Lend at 6% Go home at 4) of functioning. The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech-savvy methods of working for traditional banks. All this led to the retail complete in India. People not just take ined more from their banks but also received more. Current period By 2010, banking in India was generally fairly rise in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign banks. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies in its region.The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government. The stated policy of the Bank on theIndian Rupeeis to manage volatility but without any fixed exchange rate-and this has mostly been true. With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time-especially in its services sector-the demand for banking services, especiallyretail banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect M, takeovers, and asset sales. In display 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowedWarburg Pincusto increase its stake inKotak Mahindra Bank(a private sector bank) to 10%.This is the first time an investor has been allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector banks would contain to be vetted by them. In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in union with housing, vehicle and personal loans. There are press reports that the banks loan recovery efforts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide. state of matter Bank of India & Its Subordinates pic 1. Introduction soil Bank of India(SBI) is abankingandfinancial servicescompany based in India.It is astate-ownedcorporation with its headquarters inMumbai, Maharashtra. As of March 2012, it had assets ofUS$360 billion and 14,119 branches, including 157 foreign offices in 32 countries across the globe making it the largest banking and financial services company in India. The bank traces its ancestry toBritish India, through theImperial Bank of India, to the creative activity in 1806 of theBank of Calcutta, making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian Subcontinent. Bank of Madras merged into the other two presidencies banksBank of Calcutta and Bank of Bombayto form the Imperial Bank of India, which in turn became the State Bank of India.TheGovernment of Indianationalized the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with theReserve Bank of Indiataking a 60% stake, and renamed it the State Bank of India. In 2008, the government took over the stake held by the Reserve Bank of India. SBI ha s been ranked 285th in theFortune Global 500rankings of the introductions biggest corporations for the year 2012. SBI provides a range of banking products through its network of branches in India and overseas, including products aimed atnon-resident Indians(NRIs). SBI has 14 regional hubs and 57 Zonal Offices that are located at important cities throughout the country. SBI is a regional banking behemoth and has 20% trade share in deposits and loans among Indian commercial banks.The State Bank of India was named the 29th most reputed company in the world according toForbes2009 rankings and was the only bank featured in the covering fire 10 brands of India list in an annual survey conducted byBrand FinanceandThe economical Timesin 2010. History The roots of the State Bank of India lie in the first decade of 19th century, when theBank of Calcutta, later renamed theBank of Bengal, was established on 2 June 1806. The Bank of Bengal was one of three Presidency banks, the other two bei ng theBank of Bombay (incorporated on 15 April 1840) and theBank of Madras(incorporated on 1 July 1843). All three Presidency banks were incorporated asjoint stock companiesand were the result of theroyal charters. These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency till 1861 when with the Paper Currency Act the right was taken over by the Government of India.The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the re-organized banking entity took as its nameImperial Bank of India. The Imperial Bank of India remained a joint stock company but without Government participation. Pursuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act of 1955, theReserve Bank of India, which isIndias central bank, acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India. On 30 April 1955, the Imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India. Thegovernment of Indiarecently acquired the Reserve Bank of Indias stake in SBI so as to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the countrys banking regulative authority.In 1959, the government passed the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, which make eight state banks associates of SBI. A process of consolidation began on 13 September 2008, when theState Bank of Saurashtramerged with SBI. SBI has acquired local banks in rescues. The first was the Bank of Behar (est. 1911), which SBI acquired in 1969, together with its 28 branches. The next year SBI acquired National Bank of Lahore (est. 1942), which had 24 branches. Five years later, in 1975, SBI acquired Krishnaram Baldeo Bank, which had been established in 1916 inGwalior State, under the patronage of MaharajaMadho Rao Scindia. The bank had been the Dukan Pichadi, a small moneylender, owned by the Maharaja. The new banks first manager was Jall N. Broacha, a Parsi.In 1985, SBI acquired the Bank of Cochin inKerala, which had 120 branches. SBI was the acquirer as its affiliate, theState Bank of Travancore, already had an extensive network in Kerala. 2. Associate banks SBI has five associate banks all use the State Bank of India logo, which is a blue circle, and all use the State Bank of name, followed by the regional headquarters name ? State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur ? State Bank of Hyderabad ? State Bank of Mysore ? State Bank of Patiala ? State Bank of Travancore Earlier SBI had seven associate banks, all of which had belonged toprincely statesuntil the government nationalised them between October 1959 and may 1960.In tune with the first Five Year Plan, which prioritized the development of rural India, the government integrated these banks into State Bank of India system to expand its rural outreach. There has been a proposal to merge all the associate banks into SBI to micturate a mega bank and streamline the groups operations. The first step towards unification occurred on 13 August 2008 whenState Bank of Saurashtramerged with SBI, reducing the number of associate state banks from seven to six. Then on 19 June 2009 the SBI board approved the absorption ofState Bank of Indore. SBI holds 98. 3% in State Bank of Indore. (Individuals who held the shares prior to its takeover by the government hold the balance of 1. 77%. ) The acquisition of State Bank of Indore added 470 branches to SBIs existing network of branches.Also, following the acquisition, SBIs total assets depart inch very close to thepic10 trillion marks. The total assets of SBI and theState Bank of Indorestood atpic9,981,190 million as of March 2009. The process of merging of State Bank of Indore was completed by April 2010, and the SBI Indore branches started functioning as SBI branches on 26 August 2010. Non-banking subsidiaries Apart from its five associate banks, SBI also has the following non-banking subsidiaries ? SBI Capital MarketsLtd ? SBI Funds vigilance Pvt Ltd ? SBI Factors & Commercial Services Pvt Ltd ? SBI Cards& Payments Services Pvt. Ltd. (SBICPSL) ? SBI DFHI Ltd ? SBI Life Insurance Co. Ltd. ? SBI General Insur anceIn March 2001, SBI (with 74% of the total capital), conjugated withBNP Paribas(with 26% of the remaining capital), to form a joint venture life insurance company named SBI Life Insurance company Ltd. Nowadays, SBI Life Insurance Co. Ltd ranks among the top and most trusted Life Insurance Companies in India and also abroad. In 2004, SBI DFHI Ltd. (DISCOUNT AND FINANCE HOUSE OF INDIA) was founded with its headquarters in MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA. SBIDFHI Ltd. is a primary dealer that trades in Fixed income securities (treasury bills, state development loans, government securities, non SLR bonds, corporate bonds) and Short Term Money Market instruments (certificates of deposit, commercial papers, inter-corporate deposits, call and money notice deposits).It is an invention form by RBI to support the book building process in primary auctions of Government securities and to provide necessary depth and smoothity to the secondary market in Government securities. Reserve Bank of India pic TheReserve Bank of India(RBI) is Indiascentral bankinginstitution, which controls themonetary policyof theIndian rupee. It was established on 1 April 1935 during theBritish Rajin accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The share capital was divided into shares of ? 100 each fully paid which was entirely owned by private shareholders in the beginning. Following Indias independence in 1947, the RBI was nationalised in the year 1949. The RBI plays an important part in the development strategy of theGovernment of India. It is a atom bank of theAsian Clearing Union.The general superintendence and direction of the RBI is entrusted with the 21-member-strong Central come along of conductorstheGovernor(currentlyDuvvuri Subbarao), tetrad Deputy Governors, twoFinance Ministryrepresentative, ten Government-nominated managing directors to represent important elements from Indias economy, and four theatre directors to represent Local Boards headquartered at Mum bai, Kolkata, Chennai and New Delhi. Each of these Local Boards consist of five members who represent regional interests, as head as the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks. 1. Structure Central Board of Directors The Central Board of Directors is the main committee of the central bank. TheGovernment of Indiaappoints the directors for a four-year term. The Board consists of a governor, four deputy governors, fifteen directors to represent the regional boards, one from the Ministry of Finance and ten other directors from various fields. Governors The current Governor of RBI isDuvvuri Subbarao.The RBI extended the period of the present governor up to 2013. There are four deputy governors. Supportive bodies The Reserve Bank of India has ten regional representations North in New Delhi, South in Chennai, East in Kolkata and West in Mumbai. The representations are formed by five members, appointed for four years by the central government and servebeside the advice of the Centr al Board of Directorsas a forum for regional banks and to deal with delegated tasks from the central board. The institution has 22 regional offices. TheBoard of fiscal Supervision(BFS), formed in November 1994, serves as a CCBD committee to control the financial institutions.It has four members, appointed for two years, and takes measures to strength the role of statutory auditors in the financial sector, external monitoring and internal controlling systems. Offices and branches The Reserve Bank of India has 4 zonal offices. It has 19 regional offices at most state capitals and at a few major cities in India. Few of them are located inAhmedabad, Bangalore,Bhopal,Bhubaneswar,Chandigarh,Chennai,Delhi,Guwahati, Hyderabad Jaipur,Jammu,Kanpur,Kolkata,Lucknow,Mumbai,Nagpur,Patna,andThiruvananthapuram. Besides it has 09 sub-offices. 2. History 19351950 The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1 April 1935 to respond to economic troubles after theFirst World War. It came into picture accord ing to the guidelines laid down byDr. Ambedkar.RBI was conceptualized as per the guidelines, working style and outlook presented by Dr Ambedkar in front of the Hilton Young citizens committee. When this billing came to India under the name of Royal Commission on Indian Currency & Finance, each and every member of this commission were holding Dr Ambedkars book named The Problem of the Rupee Its origin and its solution. The Bank was set up based on the recommendations of the 1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, also known as the HiltonYoung Commission. The original choice for the seal of RBI was The East India CompanyDouble Mohur, with the animated cartoon of the Lion and Palm Tree. However it was decided to replace the lion with the tiger, the national animal of India.The Preamble of the RBI describes its basic functions to regulate the issue of bank notes, write reserves to secure monetary stability in India, and generally to operate the currency and credit sys tem in the best interests of the country. The Central Office of the RBI was initially established in Calcutta (now Kolkata), but was permanently moved to Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1937. The RBI also acted as Burmas central bank, except during the years of theJapanese credit line of Burma(194245), until April 1947, even though Burma seceded from the Indian Union in 1937. After thePartition of Indiain 1947, the Bank served as the central bank forPakistanuntil June 1948 when theState Bank of Pakistancommenced operations.Though originally set up as a shareholders bank, the RBI has been fully owned by theGovernment of Indiasince its nationalization in 1949. 19501960 In the 1950s, the Indian government, under its first Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru, developed a centrally planned economic policy that focused on the awkward sector. The administration nationalized commercial banks and established, based on the Banking Companies Act of 1949 (later called the Banking Regulation Act), a centra l bank regulation as part of the RBI. Furthermore, the central bank was ordered to support the economic plan with loans. 19601969 As a result of bank crashes, the RBI was requested to establish and monitor a deposit insurance system.It should restore the trust in the national bank system and was initialized on 7 December 1961. The Indian government founded funds to promote the economy and used the slogan Developing Banking. The Government of India restructured the national bank market and nationalized a lot of bes. As a result, the RBI had to play the central part of control and support of this public banking sector. 19691985 In 1969, theIndira Gandhi-headed government nationalized 14 major commercial banks. Upon Gandhis return to power in 1980, a further six banks were nationalized. The regulation of the economy and especially the financial sector was reinforced by the Government of India in the 1970s and 1980s.The central bank became the central player and increased its policies for a lot of tasks like interests, reserve ratio and visible deposits. These measures aimed at recrudesce economic development and had a huge effect on the company policy of the works. The banks lent money in selected sectors, like agri-business and small trade companies. The branch was forced to establish two new offices in the country for every newly established office in a town. Theoil crisesin 1973 resulted in increasinginflation, and the RBI restricted monetary policy to reduce the effects. 19851991 A lot of committees analysed the Indian economy between 1985 and 1991. Their results had an effect on the RBI. TheBoard for Industrial and fiscalReconstruction, theIndira Gandhi Institute of Development Researchand theSecurity & Exchange Board of Indiainvestigated the national economy as a whole, and the security and exchange board proposed better methods for more effective markets and the protection of investor interests. The Indian financial market was a leading example for so-c alled financial repression (Mackinnon and Shaw). TheDiscount and Finance House of Indiabegan its operations on the monetary market in April 1988 theNational Housing Bank, founded in July 1988, was forced to invest in the property market and a new financial justness improved the versatility of direct deposit by more security measures and liberalisation. 19912000 The national economy came down in July 1991 and the Indian rupee was devalued.The currency lost 18% relative to theUS dollar, and theNarsimahmam Committeeadvised restructuring the financial sector by a temporal reduced reserve ratio as well as the statutory liquidity ratio. New guidelines were published in 1993 to establish a private banking sector. This turning point should reinforce the market and was often calledneo-liberal. The central bank deregulated bank interests and some sectors of the financial market like the trust and property markets. This first phase was a success and the central government forced a diversity l iberalisation to diversify owner structures in 1998. TheNational Stock Exchange of Indiatook the trade on in June 1994 and the RBI allowed nationalized banks in July to interact with the capital market to reinforce their capital base.The central bank founded a subsidiary companytheBharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Limitedin February 1995 to produce banknotes. Since 2000 TheForeign Exchange Management Actfrom 1999 came into force in June 2000. It should improve the foreign exchange market, international investments in India and transactions. The RBI promoted the development of the financial market in the last years, allowedonline bankingin 2001 and established a new payment system in 20042005 (National Electronic Fund Transfer). TheSecurity Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd. , a merger of nine institutions, was founded in 2006 and produces banknotes and coins.The national economys growth rate came down to 5. 8% in the last quarter of 20082009and the central bank promotes t he economic development. Main functions Bank of Issue Under Section 22 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, the Bank has the sole right to issue bank notes of all denominations. The distribution of one rupee notes and coins and small coins all over the country is undertaken by the Reserve Bank as agent of the Government. The Reserve Bank has a separate Issue discussion section which is entrusted with the issue of currency notes. The assets and liabilities of the Issue Department are kept separate from those of the Banking Department. Monetary authorityThe Reserve Bank of India is the main monetary authority of the country and beside that the central bank acts as the bank of the national and state governments. It formulates implements and monitors the monetary policy as well as it has to ensure an adequate flow of credit to robust sectors. Regulator and supervisor of the financial system The institution is also the regulator and supervisor of the financial system and prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the countrys banking and financial system functions. Its objectives are to keep on public confidence in the system, protect depositors interest and provide follow-effective banking services to the public.TheBanking Ombudsman Schemehas been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for effective addressing of complaints by bank customers. The RBI controls the monetary supply, monitors economic indicators like theproduct and has to decide the design of the rupee banknotes as well as coins. managerial of exchange control The central bank manages to reach the goals of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. intention to facilitate external trade and payment and promote groovy development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India. Issuer of currency The bank issues and exchanges or destroys currency notes and coins that are not fit for circulation.The objectives are adult the public adequate supply of currency of good qua lity and to provide loans tocommercial banksto maintain or improve the GDP. The basic objectives of RBI are to issue bank notes, to maintain the currency and credit system of the country to utilize it in its best advantage, and to maintain the reserves. RBI maintains the economic structure of the country so that it can achieve the objective of price stability as well as economic development, because both objectives are diverse in themselves. Banker of Banks RBI also works as a central bank where commercial banks are account holders and can deposit money. RBI maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks. Commercial banks create credit.It is the duty of the RBI to control the credit through the CRR, bank rate and open market operations. As bankers bank, the RBI facilitates the clearing of cheques between the commercial banks and helps inter-bank transfer of funds. It can grant financial accommodation to schedule banks. It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing emergen cy advances to the banks. It supervises the functioning of the commercial banks and take action against it if need arises. Detection of Fake currency In order to curb the fake currency menace, RBI has launched a website to raise awareness among masses about fake notes in the market. pic pic Policy pass judgment and reserve ratiosBank Rate RBI lends to the commercial banks through its discount window to help the banks meet depositors demands and reserve indispensablenesss for long term. The Interest rate the RBI charges the banks for this purpose is called bank rate. If the RBI wants to increase the liquidity and money supply in the market, it exit decrease the bank rate and if RBI wants to reduce the liquidity and money supply in the system, it will increase the bank rate. As of 25 June 2012 the bank rate was 8. 0%. latest bank rate is 7. 75% as on 29/01/2013. Reserve requirement cash reserve ratio (CRR) Every commercial bank has to keep certain minimum cash reserves with RBI.Con sequent upon amendment to sub-Section 42(1), the Reserve Bank, having regard to the needs of securing the monetary stability in the country, RBI can prescribe bullion Reserve Ratio (CRR) for scheduled banks without any floor rate or ceiling rate, Before the enactment of this amendment, in terms ofSection 42(1) of the RBI Act, the Reserve Bank could prescribe CRR for scheduled banks between 5% and 20% of total of their demand and time liabilities. RBI uses this tool to increase or decrease the reserve requirement depending on whether it wants to effect a decrease or an increase in the money supply. An increase in Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) will make it mandatory on the part of the banks to hold a large proportion of their deposits in the form of deposits with the RBI. This will reduce the size of their deposits and they will lend less. This will in turn decrease the money supply. The current rate is 4. 75%. ( As a Reduction in CRR by 0. 25% as on Date- 17 September 2012). -25 basis po ints cut in Cash ReserveRatio(CRR) on 17 September 2012, It will release Rs 17,000 crore into the system/Market. The RBI lowered the CRR by 25 basis points to 4. 25% on 30 October 2012, a move it said would inject about 175 billion rupees into the banking system in order to pre-empt potentially tightening liquidity. The latest CRR as on 29/01/13 is 4% Statutory Liquidity ratio (SLR) Apart from the CRR, banks are required to maintain liquid assets in the form of gold, cash and approved securities. Higher liquidity ratio forces commercial banks to maintain a larger proportion of their resources in liquid form and thus reduces their capacity to grant loans and advances, thus it is an anti-inflationary impact.A higher liquidity ratio diverts the bank funds from loans and advances to investment in government and approved securities. IN OTHER WORDS ITS A TOOL SIMILAR TO CRR BUT AT HIGHER RATIO In well-developed economies, central banks use open market operationsbuying and selling of eligi ble securities by central bank in the money marketto influence the volume of cash reserves with commercial banks and thus influence the volume of loans and advances they can make to the commercial and industrial sectors. In the open money market, government securities are traded at market related rates of interest. The RBI is resorting more to open market operations in the more recent years.Generally RBI uses three kinds of selective credit controls 1. Minimum margins for lending against specific securities. 2. Ceiling on the amounts of credit for certain purposes. 3. Discriminatory rate of interest charged on certain types of advances. Direct credit controls in India are of three types 1. Part of the interest rate structure i. e. on small savings and provident funds, are administratively set. 2. Banks are mandatory required to keep 23% of their deposits in the form of government securities. 3. Banks are required to lend to the priority sectors to the extent of 40% of their advance s. Punjab State Co-Operative Bank pic 1. Introduction picWelcome toThe Punjab State reconciling Bank Ltd. (PSCB) Experience a whole new Era of Banking Technology. Where banking is made easier and convenient for our customers. The Punjab State Cooperative Bank provides you with the New Generation banking architecture to progress in the rising in an evolutionary manner. Punjab State Cooperative Bank (PSCB) is customer centric. 2. History The Punjab State Cooperative Bank was established on 31st August, 1949 at Shimla vide registration No. 720 has a principle financing institution of the accommodative movement in Punjab. In 1951 its Head Office was shifted to Jalandhar from where it moved in 1963 to its present building at Chandigarh.In the cooperative Banking structure, the position of the Punjab State Cooperative Bank is extremely important as the whole credit system revolves around it. It has 19 branches and 1 extension counters in Chandigarh. There are 20 District Central Cooper ative Banks having 804 branches all over Punjab, mostly in rural areas of the State. 3. visibility THE PUNJAB STATE COOPERATIVE BANK LTD. CHANDIGARH ORGANISATION The Punjab State Cooperative Bank Chandigarhwas established on 31 August 1949 at shimla vides Registration No. 720 as a principal financing institution of the cooperative movement in the state.It has 19 branches and 1 extension counters in the city of Chandigarh. 20 Central Cooperative Banks having 786 branches and 18 Extension Counters in the State of Punjab are affiliated with the bank. In the Cooperative banking structure the position of the Punjab State Coop Bank is extremely important as a the whole short term credit system revolves around it. This bank ensures that its member central cooperative banks follow sound banking practices and observe strict financial discipline. The Central Cooperative Banks are financing the farmers through PACS at the village Level. There is no arena of life where this premier ins titution has not played its part. From a farmer, artisan to traders/businessman, everybody has been covered in the fold of this institution. The green, white and sweet revolutions in the state of Punjab are some of the major achievement in which this institution has plays a vital role. The Punjab State Cooperative Bank has already been awarded BEST PERFORMANCE AWARD from NABARD and NAFSCOB. For the year 2003-04, Punjab Cooperative Bank has been selected for NABARDs Best Performance pureness which is based on performance of all the SCBs in the country. Similarly our Jalandhar DCCB has also been selected for NABARDs Best Performance Award out of all the DCCBs in the country for the year 2003-04. OBJECTIVES To serve as a Balancing Centre for Cooperative Societies in the State for Cooperative Societies in the State of Punjab registered under the Punjab Cooperative Societies Ac, 1961 for the time being in force. To promote the economic interest of the member banks and cooperat ive societies in the state in accordance with cooperative principles and to facilitate the development and funding of any cooperative society registered under the said act. To carry on banking and credit business. MANAGEMENT The present Board of Directors was constituted in May 2005. Now the management of the bank is being looking after by the elected BOD. 4.Organization pic 5. Board of Directors SNO Name Designation Contact No. Address 1. Sh. Avtar Singh Zira Chairman 0172-5067035 Makhu Road,VPO Zira, S/o Sh. Hari Singh Distt Ferozepure Zira 2. Sh. Milap Singh S/o Director 98147-83077 Khajanewala house,Gobind Nagar,SW Road Sh.Jasbir Singh Amritsar 3. Sh. Gurpreet Singh Director 94172-3778 95, Model Town ,Phase 3 ,Bhatinda Maluka S/o Sh. Sikander Singh Maluka 4. Sh. Baljit Singh Director 97803-00916 VPO Salempur P. O Bras, Bhutta S/o Sh Baldev Distt.Fathegarh Sahib Singh 5. Sh. Ravikiran Singh Director 97804-00002 H. No 649, Basant Avenue, Kahlon S/o Sh. 97819-00001 Amritsar Nirmal Singh Kahlon 6. Sh. Satwinderpal SinghDirector 98761-08332 Village Ramdaspur, Dhat S/o Sh. Mohan The.Dasuha, Singh Distt. Hoshiarpur 7. Sh. Harjit Singh Director 98140-57531 Khothran Road , Parmar S/o Sh. Near J. C. T MillPhagwara , Gurbachan Singh Parmar Kapurthala 8. Sh. Tajinder Singh Director 97806-00019 VPO Mithukhera , Mithukhera S/o Sh. Malot, Gurnam Singh Distt. Muktsar 9. Sh. Dildar Singh S/o Director 95925-83101 Vill. Majra Kalan, P. O. Jadlan , Sh. Ranjit Singh Distt. Nawanshahr 10. Sh. Jarnail Singh S/o Director 97800-32206 VPO Kartarpur, Charaso, Distt. Patiala Sh. Hajara Singh 11. Sh.Baldev Singh S/o Director 94631-47642 VPO Chakla, Chamakaur Sahib, Distt. Ropar Sh. Gurnam Singh 12. Sh. Baljit Singh Director 99889-10417 H. NO. 621, WardNo. 11 , DerraBassi, Distt. Karkaur S/o Sh. Gurdev Mohali Singh 13. Sh. Kanwaljeet Singh Director 97799-15100 H.No 7/250, Shastri Na gar , Batala , Distt. S/o Sh. Raghbir Singh Gurdaspur 14. Sh. Sukhdarshan Singh Director 98765-61261 The Punjab State cooperztive Agriculture Marar, S/o Sh. Narayan Development Bank Ltd. , Sec 17 B , Singh Chandigarh 15. CGM, NABARD 5071431,2604608 Plot No. 3, Sector-34 A , Candigarh. 16. Financial 2742771 Cooperation Dept. Commissioner Civil Sectt , Cooperation, Punjab Punjab Chandigarh 17. Principal Sectary Finance 18. Registrar, 5046814 RCS , Punjab , Cooperative Sector-17 Bays Building , Societies, Punjab Chandigarh 19. Sh. Kamaljeet Singh Managing Director 5061404 Punjab State Coop. Bank Ltd. Sangha PSCB Chandigarh SCO 175-187, Sector-34A, Chandigarh. 6. AWARDS & ACHIEVEMENTS AWARDS The Punjab State Cooperative Bank has already been awarded BEST PERFORMANCE AWARD from NABARD and NAFSCOB. For the year 2003-04, Punjab Cooperative Bank has been selected for NABARDs Best Performance Award which is based on perfor mance of all the SCBs in the country. Similarly our Jalandhar DCCB has also been selected for NABARDs Best Performance Award out of all the DCCBs in the country for the year 2003-04. ACHIEVEMENTS S. T. AGRI.LOAN The Cooperative Banks in the State have groundbreaking Rs. 7536. 33 Crores as ST Agri. Loan during the year 2009-10 as compared to Rs. 5894. 28 crore during 2008-09. Similarly during 2010-11, Rs 8497. 15 crores stand disbursed. Against the target of Rs. 8300. 00 Crores. R. C. C. LIMIT During 2009-10 the Central Coop. Banks in Punjab have sanctioned R. C. C limits deserving Rs. 2296. 62 croresas compared to Rs. 2091. 75 crore of 2008-09.During the year 2010-11 the bank has sanctioned RCC limits worth Rs. 2460. 79 crore. TWO WHEELER LOANS TO AGRICULTURISTS Under Two Wheeler Loan Scheme the farmers can take loan up to 75% of two-wheelers cost or Rs. 50,000/- whichever is lower from the Central Cooperative Banks. During the year 2009-10, the Bank has ad vanced a sum of Rs. 32. 67 crore. Similarly, during 2010-11, Rs. 29. 70 crore has been advanced against the target of Rs. 40. 00 crore. HOUSING LOANS During the year 2008-09 Central Cooperative Banks in the State have advanced Rs. 90. 66 Crores against the target of Rs. 80. 00 crores. During 2009-10, Rs. 86. 64 crores has been disbursed against the target of Rs. 110. 00 crore. During 2010-11 Rs. 84. 56 crore has been disbursed . NON FARM SECTOR LOANS During 2008-09 Rs 47. 72 crores were advanced under the scheme by DCCBs in the State of Punjab. During the year 2009-10, Rs. 48. 84 crores has been advanced. Similarly during 2010-11, Rs. 41. 93 crore has been advanced against the target of Rs. 55. 00 crore. LOAN FOR CONSUMER DURABLES UnderConsumerconsumer durables Loan Scheme, Rs. 79. 62 croreshas been advanced during 2009-10. Similarly, during 2010-11, Rs. 78. 25 crore has been advanced against the target of Rs. 80. 00 Crores . PERSONAL LOAN SCHEME Under Persona l Loan Scheme, the Bank has advanced Rs. 143. 58 crore during the year 2009-10 against the target of Rs. 125. 00 crore. During 2010-11, Rs. 62. 41 crore has been disbursedagainst the target of Rs. 150. 00 crore. DEPOSIT MOBILIZATION The deposit of Punjab State Coop. Bank and Central Cooperative Banks were Rs. 9819. 09 crores during the year 2009-10. During the year 2010-11 the deposits are Rs. 10684. 54 crore. PROFITS During 2010-11, there was a profit Rs. 65. 17 crore whereas 2 DCCB, namely Faridkot and Mansa were in loss. REDUCTION IN THE RATE OF INTEREST Rate of Interest on Crop Loan has been reduced to 7. 00% w. e. f. 01-04-2006. 7. Future Planning and Vision Future Perspective Cooperatives are not unaffected by structural adjustments and globalization of trade good market. As a result, Cooperative Banks are required to redesign their strategies for sustainability and growth. The economic reforms initiated by the government of India in 1991 have affected the F inancial Institutions ncluding the Cooperative Financial Institutions. These reforms aim at liberalization and deregulation of Indian economy. The Cooperative Banks of Punjab have accepted the reforms in Indian economy, especially, the financial reforms in right spirit. Since these Banks have mainly been providing credit to agriculture sector, changes in uncouth economy affect them more closely. The Banks envisage following scenario as a result of liberalized agricultural policy relaxation behavior of agricultural policy would result in greater capital intensity and borrowed capital requirements of agriculturists.In order to induce diversification and produce quality products for international market. For this purpose, Punjab farmers would need greater credit support for improved technology, seeds and agro-inputs. Liberalized agricultural policy would reverse the process of fragmentation of land holdings and would result in exodus of employment opportunities from agricul tural sector to other sectors of economy. Such as small business enterprises, services and industrial sector. Liberalization of agriculture would change and modernize agriculture, thereby earning a billet of industry attr acting high skilled professionals in agriculture sector. Liberalized agricultural economy would lead to a greater role of private research and development institutions in improving the productivity and quality of agricultural operations. The liberalized agricultural policy would result in greater thrust on value addition in agriculture. Therefore, a great deal of thrust would be on agro-processing units. The liberalized agricultural policy would bring greater thrust on export of raw and value added agro-products. The liberalized agricultural economy would lead to sowing/planting of new crops. Leading to a great deal of crop diversification. With this perspective, the Cooperative Credit Policy, both for short-term and long term requirements of the farmer s, needs to be restructured.Accordingly, the Cooperative Banks in the State resolve to pursue credit policy in keeping with the following. Vision ? We will force the future challenges with grit and take every possible step for the development of our institution. ? More steps will be taken to provide efficient services. ? Present customers will be retained and other customers will be attracted to increase market share. ? Bank will attract maximal deposit (especially low cost deposit) to intone its financial resources so as to reduce its dependency upon NABARD. ? Bank while diversifying its loan portfolio will provide medium term and long term loans to the maximum extent. Every effort will be made to open account of all the farmers of the State. Bank will receive deposits from Farmers and meet all their credit needs. ? Bank, for the saki of development of State, will strive hard to provide maximum and better services to customers especially farmers and for this wherever necessar y, every effort will be made to modify the schemes. ? Bank will prepare its business plan every year and by implementing it, goals set will be achieved. ? Bank will professionalize and modernize the business. 8. Training Center pic Introduction Agriculturecooperative Staff Training Institute in the State of Punjab was established in 1986 by the Punjab State Cooperative Bank Ltd.With the Financial assistance from National Cooperative Development Corporation Under World Bank NCDC Project. The main aim of setting up this institute was to provide homework to the staff and committee members as well as education to the ordinary members of the Primary Agricultural Services Societies (PACS) during the project period of 5 years. After successfully completion of the Project the institute started catering to the nurture needs of the whole short term credit cooperative in Punjab particularly cooperative banks from 2001. The institute is running various training programmed for different categor ies of staff of cooperative bank.The Punjab State Cooperative Bank is giving high priority for the training of its staff as well as staff of its member banks. The institute is getting full support from the bank in the field of training. The institute is acting for the development of a cadre of professional bankers to meet the challenges of changing banking scenario. Since 1991, there has been tremendous change in banking sector which had affected cooperative bank to a great extent. The Tara pore Committee, Narsimham Committee and Vaidyanathan Committee recommendations have put profound challenges to cooperative banks. The technological changes in the banking sector are also affecting these banks.This institute is aware of these transformations and has geared up its training plans. The training institute of Cooperative banks cannot remain passive but must play an active role in providing consultancy, latest knowledge and skills to cooperative banks. Acting as a catalyst in the change process, this institute has decided to diversify its activities to face the challenge of time. Objective ? Sensitizing the banks of the challenges ahead and to prepare the employees to meet these challenges ? Improving the operational efficiency of cooperative bank. ? Building up the managerial and leadership abilities among the officers for organizational effectiveness. TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENTThis institute assesses the training needs of the staff in the following ways. 1. Anticipation of the latest Development Latest developments in economic and banking sectors (Capital Adequacy Norms, Asset Liability Management, prudential Norms, and Recommendation of various Committees) are considered as Training requirement. 2. Demand from Central Cooperative Banks Various central cooperative banks at different occasions go up the institute to provide training to their staff in specific area. On the request of those banks the institute conducts field programmers as per the convenience of th e client banks. 3. Policy matters of Management The institute keeps in touch with the olicy decision of the Reserve Bank of India, NABARD central Government RCS and Apex Bank Management, Institute develops and organizes training programmed for effectives implementation of these decisions. 4. Faculty Members confer Faculty member of this institute frequently visit cooperative banks at different intervals to study operational problems of the banks and to identify the training needs of the staff. 5. Audit Reports and watchfulness Reports These reports do provide useful indication for the training needs in banks. We continuously study these reports to find out procedural gaps and problems of the banks. COURSE DESIGN The training programmers are designed by conducting a critical analysis of training needs of Bank Staff.Each member of competency is advised to design at least two training programmers in a year. The training programmed along with detailed course contents prepared by them is then discussed in a faculty meeting. In this meeting the members of faculty meeting. In this meeting the members of faculty share thei