'The Natural of Semantic Change\r'

'SEMANTICS THE record OF SEMANTIC CHANGE Presented by group 9: Riva Nugraha Jiwa 0910733154 Alfi Nurhidayati 1010731008 Nadia Turrahmi 1010732014 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES ANDALAS UNIVERSITY trigger 70 years ago, Edward Sapir introduced a wise excogitation of linguals. He said that vocabulary moved on every time and then created their own forms and neer static. Every enounce, every grammatical element, proverbs, sounds and accents configured which was transportd lento and this was the ways how a wrangle could long lasting.This sentiment of style made the otherwise linguists elicit. The change of importee could happen because of some(prenominal) causations, according to Millet a subject matter could change easily because of the discontinuous from angiotensin-converting enzyme generation to the other generations, the blur of moment, the lost of motivation, the appearance of polysemy, thither are some ambiguous contexts, vocabulary buildings, and s o on. The nature of semantic change trick be cleaved into some categories, metaphor, metonymy, popular etymology, ellipsis, and excessively some consequences change of import. SEMANTIC CHANGE A.The nature of semantic change Aksioma Leibniz said â€Å"natura non facit saltus” that direction the nature changed indirectly and slowly, this sentence excessively net we applied in change of inwardness. Every changing had their each reason and unendingly cogitate and associated from the old meaning into the new meaning. One of semantics tradition looks up meaning as â€Å"the interrelationship surrounded by pull in and meaning”. So, we eject conclude that change of meaning divide into ii types: change of meaning ground on tie beam of meaning-meaning, and also name-name. Every type can be differs into similarity ad contiguity. . Metaphor Metaphor is fundamental in language because it can make them to a greater extent creative and aesthetics, it is common in lite rary stadium such as poem. Metaphor has some functions in everyday life, on that point are as the motivation, twist ways, as the source of synonym and polysemy, to fill the coffer in vocabulary, and the way to express the emotion, etc. The social organisation of metaphor is unsophisticated, it always said one social function is another thing. It does not use the give voice as, resembling, and comparative words and other, this case make the reader examine to find the similarities.For subject: a) Her home is a prison, in this case her home control uniform peculiarity of prison, we can imagine that she can’t kick in her home, she tapped inside, and maybe afraid of the outside. b) The police man let him off by a yellow-bellied card, in this sentence ‘yellow card’ hits to warning, the original good sense is in soccer player a yellow card that the referee shows to the player when cautioning them and give the support chance to introspect themselves. c) in Indonesian language we can take the pillow slip Gonzales menanduk bola, we k at a time that Gonzales is a compassionate and he did the work which is did by an tool buffalo.In this case, menanduk have same meaning with the other, because it refers to an action development a head, in human we visit menyundul and in buffalo we cal menanduk. * Anthropomorphic metaphor The person who is interested toward this kind of metaphor is Giambattista Vico, he said that in every language the most part of formula refer to inanimate, compared by carryring from any part of body, sense, and also the emotion of human being. For practice: a) in Indonesian language: jantung kota, bahu jalan, mulut sungai, etc. b) in side language muscle adopts from Latin language musculus that means ‘little mouse’. Animal metaphor This class applied for wildcat or inanimate types, many plants using animal’s name to call them. For example: a) lidah buaya, kumis kucing, jambu monyet, et c. b) in English at that place are some plants with animal’s name goat’s-beard and dog’s tail. Beside that, there are animal’s name transferred into human being for describe humor, irony, and other. For example: si beo, the speaker system use this word toward the other because they have same characteristic or their action refer to the animal itself. * From cover to rescindOne of the t hold backency in metaphor is explaining the abstract into the concrete, when we try to find the abstract word at first we must know the concrete one. For example in English light ‘sinar, cahaya, lampu’ which is concrete, when this word jam to the other morpheme they sometimes kick the bucket abstract like highlights ‘menyoroti’. If it compares to Indonesian language the spring is same, for example the concrete one is ‘sinar, cahaya’, it sour abstract metaphor in sorot mata, hidupnya sedang bersinar, ajarannya menyinari dunia, ha rta yang menyilaukan, and so on. Synaesthetic metaphor This metaphor base on the transferred of one sense to the other sense, for example from sense of hearing to sight, from touch to sound, etc. If we tattle rough the sound which is warm and cool, we can try out that there are the similarities between temperatures with the kind of sounds. The structure of metaphor begin in literary deeds when the raising of symbolism era. We can see from one of Shakespeare’s work: I see a voice; now will I to the find out To spy an I can hear my Thisby’s face 2. MetonymyMetonymy involves some sort of connection between concepts, but in this case there is no similarity between them, but they are near linked in some other way. Metonymy can divide into the association they based on. First, metonymy transfer based on spaces and places. The change of meaning the Latin word coxa ‘pinggul’ into France language cuisse ‘pupu;paha’ it explained that pinggul and paha is our part of body which is taut and do not have correct constraint. Second, metonymy transfer based on time or temporal.The name of action or event can be transferred into something that predate and follow the change. For example, in English, ‘collation’ now defined into different meaning ‘perbandingan’ and ‘makanan ringan’ where as both of them are relates. Previously, in Catholic ceremony the recital from Collationes Patrum by Cassian usually read before the end of mass, it followed by snack which called collation because the snack related with the reading. So, the name of book followed by the snack that also consume in the close time in mass period.Third, the relation can create the change of metonymy, there are some part that is central but sometime it divide into own category, or we can call it pars pro toto. For example in Indonesia, ‘pasukan baju kuning’ it refers to the group who clean up the road. And the last met onymy is undecomposable and famous because we don’t need the surpass and crucial speech. We know that most of the effecter named something which they found by their name. For example, the terminology in electricity ampere, volt, ohm named by the founder Andre Ampere, Count Allessandro Volta, and Georg Simon Ohm. . Popular Etymology Etymology is the branch of linguistics that studies the origin and development of words and other linguistic forms. The examples of the bowls that are studied include the earliest origins of a word, how its meanings and connotations have changed, the meanings and origins of its component parts, whether or how it has spread to other languages, and how its meaning or use has been influenced by other words. The history of a word also is called its etymology.For example, France language forain become English foreign which come from Latin foranus, one of derivative from Latin foris ‘tidak dengan; ke luar negeri; the nature meaning is the forei gn as we used in English. 4. eclipsis Words which often occur side by side are act to have a semantic influence on each other. We have already sees an example of this in the history of negation in French. The commonest form which this influence takes in ellipsis. In a set phrase made up of deuce words, one of these it omitted and its meaning it transferred to its partner.For example, in Jakarta’s dialect ‘tidak tahu’, sometimes average utter in ‘tahu’. B. The consequences of the change of meaning * The change in the area of meaning Many older writer divide change of meaning in three categories, there are: extension, restriction, and the last that do not assort into both of them. The division can called as â€Å" lawful division” they also has some weaknesses, although the division is simple and easy. The division does not give clearly describing about the formal form in causes or the primer how it can be changed.And then, the third division just grouped because can’t let in first and second division. Truthfully the basic is the meaning become wide or narrow and interminably by the time. 1). Restriction This change make the meaning of certain word become restrict and the penetrative become more variable. For example, English ‘poison’ means racun, first the word come from ‘potion’ that means ‘beer’ because beer can damage our body and sometimes make someone die. Later poison just use to refer the drink that can make somebody die, not to all of beer. 2). ExtensionIn extension meaning, the word can be applied in large contexts by side by side(p) the time the intense become weaker and something that referred become smaller. For example, arriver in France and arrive in English, this word come from Latin arripare, it become ripa ‘tepi sungai; pantai’ because it refers to the coming of someone. * The changes in valuation: pejorative and ameliorative 1). Pejorati ve The change caused the word become get down or negative than before, for example: ‘perempuan’ come from ‘empu’ that means ‘ibu jari’ it should be has higher meaning.But nowadays, ‘perempuan’ is lower if compare to ‘wanita’. 2). Ameliorative The change caused the word become higher and positive than before, for example: ‘minister’ at first define as ‘minus or slave’ but nowadays the meaning become higher into ‘the person who stayed in governmental system. end point The Nature of Semantic Change, there is must always be some connection, some association between the old and the new meaning, association is the necessary condition of semantic change.Meaning is determined by three factors: the target reference (the referent), the subjective apprehension (the subject, i. e. the speaker or the hearer) and the traditional range (the word). Any change has as its immediate cause a change in on e of these three relations. Types of semantic change: relation of the senses (metaphor), Contiguity of the senses (metonymy), Similarity of the name (folk etymology), Contiguity of the names (ellipsis), all of these types is changes that occur with time. Reference: * Ullman, Stephen. 2011. Pengantar Semantik. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta\r\n'